Surgical Treatment Method of Isthmic Spondylolisthesis

Surgical Treatment Method of Isthmic SpondylolisthesisComparison of devil and Three Vertebral Segment Posterolateral Fusion in the Treatment of Isthmic SpondylolisthesisSerkan BILGIC, Omer ERSEN, Tolga EGE, Kenan KOCA, Selahattin OZYUREK, Safak EKINCI, Erbil OGUZ, Ali SEHIRLIOGLU rustleBackgroundOptimal operative preaching method of isthmic spondylolisthesis remains unclear. Complications keister be invited while saving a segment for lumbar motion. markThe aim of this retroactive contemplate was to determine the effect of the figure of speech of uniting levels on the clinical results of full-grown isthmic spondylolisthesis patients who had undergone bottomland instrumentation and PLF.Patients and MethodsThis retrospective study comprised 37 (20 male, 17 female) patients with isthmic spondylolisthesis who had undergone bed instrumentation and PLF (Postero-lateral nuclear uniting reaction) between January 2005 and whitethorn 2011. Pre and post-operative radiological evalu ation was made by anteroposterior, lateral, oblique and lateral flexion-ex tensity x-rays. Preoperative spondylolisthesis stumblepage evaluate was evaluated agree to the Meyerding classification from the preoperative radiographs.ResultsThe conceive age of the patients was 36.4 9.2 years and the fee-tail follow-up period was 34.3 months. Two-level confederation was utilize to 22 patients and single-level union was utilise to 15 patients. Decompression was performed on 7 patients in the ii-level fusion theme and on 6 patients in the single-level fusion sort. at that place were no neurologic complication by and by performance in either group. No gist complications were seen in the two-level PLF group but in the single-level PLF group, screw loosening occurred in 3 patients and screw breakage in 1 due to the pseudoarthrosis. These iv patients were revised with two-level PLF.ConclusionsThis study has demonstrated that two-level posterior instrumentation and PLF with lo cal ram grafts and DBM have significantly conk out clinical and radiological results than single-level surgical process. To avoid say-so complications of PLIF, two-level PLF can be an alternative word option.Key wordsIstmic spondylolisthesis, croup lumbar interbody fusion, FixationBackgroundLumbar spondylolisthesis is feed in nigh 5% to 6% of the population with various etiopathogenesis. Due to its variant diseased anatomy, the radiological appearance, age and clinical aspect of the patients are different on diagnosis. It gener anyy starts as spondylolysis, a bilateral pars fatigue fracture and becomes spondylolisthesis with a cutting of a vertebra over the adjacent one. As the slip increases, book degeneration and pain starts (1-3).Although mercenary sermon is the first treatment option, surgery for diagnostic spondylolisthesis in adults has been found to have better clinical results than conservative treatment choices (3, 4). However, it remains unclear which surgica l strategy should be adopted, as in that respect is limited scientific demonstrate on which to base an optimal treatment method. Discussions on spondylolisthesis treatment have gener solelyy focussed on reduction, fusion levels, graft choices, and surgical techniques (5-7). whizz of the nigh preferred surgical treatment options for spondylolisthesis is posterior transpedicular instrumentation of the relevant segments and posterolateral fusion (PLF) (5, 7). However, it is still a matter of controversy in literature as to how many levels should be f utilise and instrumented.ObjectivesThe aim of this retrospective study was to determine the effect of the number of fusion levels on the clinical results of adult isthmic spondylolisthesis patients who had undergone posterior instrumentation and PLF.Materials and MethodsThis retrospective study comprised 37 (20 male, 17 female) patients with isthmic spondylolisthesis who had undergone posterior instrumentation and PLF between January 2 005 and May 2011. Patients with spondylolisthesis other than Type 2 according to the Wiltse classification were excluded from the study. Pre and post-operative radiological evaluation was made by anteroposterior, lateral, oblique and lateral flexion-extension x-rays. Preoperative spondylolisthesis slippage grading was evaluated according to the Meyerding classification from the preoperative radiographs. The decompression end was made preoperatively according to charismatic resonance imaging (MRI) and patients preoperative neurological evaluation. Preoperative and postoperative neurological status, duration of surgery, number of fused and instrumented levels, total blood loss and complications were evaluated from the clinical database. For clinical evaluation of surgical outcomes, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Visual linear Scale ( vessel) applied at the final follow-up were used.3.1 Surgical cognitive processExposure was obtained from the barbellate processes to the tr ansverse processes bilaterally throughout segments planned for fusion. chthonic fluoroscopic control, 6.5 mm pedicle screws were placed by free-hand technique. No reduction simulated military operation was used. Decompression of the segments, which had been determined by preoperative MRI and clinical interrogatory was performed for the patients with neurological deficit. In all cases PLF was performed. In the area planned for fusion, the spinous processes were resected, peeled off from soft tissues and used for grafting with demineralized deck out matrix. Patients were mobilized with a soft steady on the first postoperative day and the brace was continued for 3 months. (Figure 1, 2)3.2 Statistical analysisWe used the SPSS software big bucks (version 15.0, SPSS, Chicago, IL) and expressed categorical variables as percentages and continuous variables as mean commonplace deviation (SD) or median (quartiles). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate whether the scattering of continuous variables was normal. For parameters that showed normal distribution we used the paired sample t test and for parameters that did non show normal distribution the Mann-Whitney U-test was used. Chi-square test was used to analyze categorical variables. Statistical significance was set at p ResultsAll patients had a recital of at least 3 months of lumbar pain due to the spondylolisthesis, which had proved to be resistant to conservative treatment. The mean age of the patients was 36.4 9.2 years and the mean follow-up period was 34.3 months. Low-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis was present at L5-S1 level in 23 patients, at L4-5 level in 13 patients and at L3-4 level in 1 patient. Two-level fusion was applied to 22 patients and single-level fusion was applied to 15 patients. Decompression was performed on 7 patients in the two-level fusion group and on 6 patients in the single-level fusion group. There were no neurological complications after surgery in either group. Mean d uration of surgery for single-level and two-level surgery was 160 minutes and one hundred ninety minutes (160-240), and average blood loss was 285 ml and 390 ml respectively. There were no varietys between the two groups in terms of demographic properties ( plug-in 1).One of the patients in the two-level PLF group had superficial infection and was treated with debridement and antibiotheraphy. No core complications were seen in the two-level PLF group but in the single-level PLF group, screw loosening occurred in 3 patients and screw breakage in 1 due to the pseudoarthrosis. These four-spot patients were revised with two-level PLF. (Figure 3)ODI scores from the final follow-up were 12.26.2 in the single-level PLF group, and 9.2 6.4 in the two-level PLF group (p=0,035). VAS scores were 3.21.7 in the single-level PLF group and 2.91.6 in the two-level PLF group (p=0.043). The ODI and VAS scores of the patients revised with two- level PLF were excluded from the clinical evaluation.D iscussionLumbar spondylolysthesis has near(prenominal) etiopathogenetic factors as was shown by Marchetti and Bartolozzi giving rise to variations in pathological anatomy, radiological findings, age and clinical symptoms of the patients on diagnosis. When conservative treatment options fail, surgery becomes the coterminous step. Although there have been a large number of studies on spondylolisthesis, there is no clear evidence for a single superior treatment option. Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) and PLF with/without instrumentation are the most widely accepted surgical methods. Whilst PLF with instrumentation is the most preferred treatment for most authors, there is no scientific evidence showing that PLF is disadvantageous compared to PLIF or circumferential fusion (8-11) even though the major theoretical advantage of PLIF and circumferential fusion seems to have resulted in improved outcomes compared with PLF. Ekman et al (12 ) found that the type of fusion, whether PLIF or PLF, did non push the outcome of surgical treatment of adult isthmic spondylolisthesis over a two year follow-up period. Furthermore, PLIF is a more invasive, technically more delicate method requiring a longer operative time, which may result in increased blood loss and higher complication evaluate (12, 13). Similarly, Kim et al. could not demonstrate any deflection between ALIF and PLF with instrumentation (11). Although circumferential fusion was reported as significantly better than PLF at 6 months and 1 year in a study by Swan, no difference was determined at two years (14). In a dogmatic check into of 29 high quality studies, Jacobs and al. found no difference between different fusion techniques (15). In the current study the treatment choice was PLF with instrumentation which is a relatively easy method with a shorter operating time and lower blood loss compared to other techniques in literature.When performing PLF, slip reduction can be carry throughd during the same procedure. The advantages of slip reduction include improved spur track biomechanics, better nerve resolve decompression and a better opportunity for fusion by relieving tension and shear forces (5). Although the major disadvantage of slip reduction is increased endangerment of neurological injury, there have been numerous studies evaluating slip reduction for adult low grade spondylolisthesis (14, 16-18). In the current study, slip reduction was not performed to avoid the possibility of potential neurological damage and as all the cases had low grade isthmic spondylolisthesis.To protect one more mobile segment, some authors have preferred single-level postero-lateral instrumentation and fusion instead of two-level (6, 13, 15). However, there is no scientific proof to help determine the number of fusion levels and this decision is based on the surgeons empirical experience. In a prospective study by Inage et al, two-level fusion w ith local bone grafts was shown to progress to increased pseudoarthrosis (6). Similarly in a study by Deguchi et al, single-level fusions showed an 82% fusion rate, and two-level fusions, a 74% rate radiologically (19). Higher fusion rates in the two-level fusion group were achieved with rigid spinal anaesthesia anaesthesia implants. The clinical success of that study cor cogitate with the radiological fusion rates. Contrary to the information in literature, local bone grafts mixed with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) were used in the current study to achieve yoke for both groups and no union problem was seen in the two-level fusion group. Pseudoarthrosis was observed in four cases in the one -level fusion group.Although some authors have reported incongruity between the clinical results of spondylolisthesis patients and union rates, VAS and ODI are the most reliable clinical tests to evaluate spondylolythesis (9, 10, 20). The results of the current study reveal that two-level po sterior instrumentation with PLF has better results than single-level surgery according to VAS and ODI.This study has some limitations. Firstly, the retrospective fig did not allow for uniformity of the groups. The number of patients was also limited to achieve generalized results. Although the pedicle screws were all 6.5 mm in size, they were not all from the same manufacturer, so implant problems were disregarded.In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that two-level posterior instrumentation and PLF with local bone grafts and DBM have significantly better clinical and radiological results than single-level surgery. To avoid potential complications of PLIF, two-level PLF can be an alternative treatment option.References1.Floman Y. Progression of lumbosacral isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults. spikelet. 200025(3)342-7.2.Fredrickson BE, Baker D, McHolick WJ, Yuan HA, Lubicky JP. The natural history of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. The Journal of bone and joint surgery A merican volume. 198466(5)699-707.3.Osterman K, Schlenzka D, Poussa M, Seitsalo S, Virta L. Isthmic spondylolisthesis in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects, epidemiology, and natural history with special reference to disk constipation and mode of treatment. Clinical orthopaedics and related research. 1993(297)65-70.4.Moller H, Hedlund R. Surgery versus conservative centering in adult isthmic spondylolisthesisa prospective randomized study part 1. bradawl. 200025(13)1711-5.5.Floman Y, Millgram MA, Ashkenazi E, Smorgick Y, Rand N. Instrumented slip reduction and fusion for painful unfit isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults. Journal of spinal disorders techniques. 200821(7)477-83.6.Inage K, Ohtori S, Koshi T, Suzuki M, Takaso M, Yamashita M, et al. One, two-, and three-level instrumented posterolateral fusion of the lumbar thorn with a local bone graft a prospective study with a 2-year follow-up. Spine. 201136(17)1392-6.7.Zagra A, Giudici F, Minoia L, Corriero AS, Zagra L. Long- term results of pediculo-body fixation and posterolateral fusion for lumbar spondylolisthesis. European spine journal positive publication of the European Spine Society, the European spinal anaesthesia Deformity Society, and the European Section of the cervical Spine Research Society. 200918 Suppl 1151-5.8.Bernhardt M, Swartz DE, Clothiaux PL, Crowell RR, White AA, 3rd. Posterolateral lumbar and lumbosacral fusion with and without pedicle screw internal fixation. Clinical orthopaedics and related research. 1992(284)109-15.9.Fischgrund JS, Mackay M, Herkowitz HN, Brower R, Montgomery DM, Kurz LT. 1997 Volvo Award winner in clinical studies. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis a prospective, randomized study canvas decompressive laminectomy and arthrodesis with and without spinal instrumentation. Spine. 199722(24)2807-12.10.Herkowitz HN, Kurz LT. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis. A prospective study comparing decompression with decom pression and intertransverse process arthrodesis. The Journal of bone and joint surgery American volume. 199173(6)802-8.11.Kim NH, Lee JW. Anterior interbody fusion versus posterolateral fusion with transpedicular fixation for isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults. A comparison of clinical results. Spine. 199924(8)812-6 discussion 7.12.Ekman P, Moller H, Tullberg T, Neumann P, Hedlund R. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion versus posterolateral fusion in adult isthmic spondylolisthesis. Spine. 200732(20)2178-83.13.Madan S, Boeree NR. Outcome of posterior lumbar interbody fusion versus posterolateral fusion for spondylolytic spondylolisthesis. Spine. 200227(14)1536-42.14.Swan J, Hurwitz E, Malek F, van den Haak E, Cheng I, Alamin T, et al. Surgical treatment for unstable low-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults a prospective controlled study of posterior instrumented fusion compared with combined anterior-posterior fusion. The spine journal official journal of the North American Sp ine Society. 20066(6)606-14.15.Jacobs WC, Vreeling A, De Kleuver M. Fusion for low-grade adult isthmic spondylolisthesis a systematic review of the literature. European spine journal official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 200615(4)391-402.16.Sears W. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion for lytic spondylolisthesis restoration of sagittal match using insert-and-rotate interbody spacers. The spine journal official journal of the North American Spine Society. 20055(2)161-9.17.Spruit M, van Jonbergen JP, de Kleuver M. A concise follow-up of a previous(prenominal) report posterior reduction and anterior lumbar interbody fusion in symptomatic low-grade adult isthmic spondylolisthesis. European spine journal official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 200514(9)82 8-32.18.Suk SI, Lee CK, Kim WJ, Lee JH, Cho KJ, Kim HG. Adding posterior lumbar interbody fusion to pedicle screw fixation and posterolateral fusion after decompression in spondylolytic spondylolisthesis. Spine. 199722(2)210-9 discussion 9-20.19.Deguchi M, Rapoff AJ, Zdeblick TA. Posterolateral fusion for isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults analysis of fusion rate and clinical results. Journal of spinal disorders. 199811(6)459-64.20.Ohtori S, Suzuki M, Koshi T, Takaso M, Yamashita M, Yamauchi K, et al. Single-level instrumented posterolateral fusion of the lumbar spine with a local bone graft versus an iliac crest bone graft a prospective, randomized study with a 2-year follow-up. European spine journal official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 201120(4)635-9.TablesTable 1. Paramaters of groups during surgery1